Высокий iowait на инстансе Amazon EC2 MySQL с объемом EBS

У нас есть сервер MySQL, работающий на экземпляре Amazon EC2 c1.medium, использующий один том EBS с файловой системой ext3 для хранения.

Этот сервер MySQL запрашивается ~ 500 / пс несколькими приложениями, работающими на некоторых веб-серверах, которые также находятся на Amazon EC2.

Как вы можете видеть ниже, средняя загрузка сервера и время простоя процессора кажутся нормальными, но что-то меня беспокоит и беспокоит прямо сейчас, а именно высокий уровень iowait, который он испытывает.

Еще одно число, которое меня сильно беспокоило, - это количество передач iostat в секунду (tps), которое большую часть времени остается выше 450. Проведя небольшое исследование по этой теме, я заметил, что некоторые люди говорили, что это слишком много для EBS: https://forums.aws.amazon.com/thread.jspa?threadID=30769

Кстати, выходные данные команд, которые вы увидите ниже, не были записаны в пиковое время. Именно так сервер ведет себя большую часть времени.

Что ж, все сказано, вот мои вопросы:

1- Не пора ли подумать о переходе на архитектуру RAID (я бы сказал, RAID 0)?

2- Стоит ли тратить время на решение для кластеризации, такое как MySQL Cluster?

3- Считаете ли вы, что такой сценарий сильно влияет на наши приложения? Будут ли они работать намного лучше, если мы перейдем к RAID 0 и / или кластерному решению? (Кажется, что приложения пока что довольны, но будут ли они счастливее?)

Пожалуйста, дайте мне знать, если вам понадобится дополнительная информация.

~ # uptime 
 12:34:14 up 2 days,  4:06,  1 user,  load average: 2.24, 1.90, **1.84**

########################################################

~ # vmstat 5

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------

 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id **wa** st

 0  1     52  11168  16420 1498728    0    0  4586   231   11   81  6  3 52 39  0

 2  1     52  10460  16320 1499588    0    0 11631   397 3194 4319 10  4 47 39  0

 4  1     52  11448  16064 1499156    0    0 12231   592 2301 3331  9  5 50 36  0

 4  0     52  10328  16068 1500176    0    0  8578   392 2131 2745  8  6 49 37  0

 0  1     52  11164  15732 1499928    0    0  9604   578 2609 3510  7  4 49 40  0

 0  1     52  10824  15768 1499836    0    0  5038   634 1912 2509  8  3 47 42  0

 3  1     52  12040  15888 1498096    0    0  5068   204 1927 2531 10  8 45 37  0

 8  2     52  11252  15784 1499272    0    0  8521   390 2437 3100 14 15 39 31  0

 1  2     52  11436  15724 1499748    0    0  8287   401 2159 3113 11 10 42 36  1

 0  1     52  12016  15704 1498752    0    0 11576   499 3324 3984 16 17 31 36  0

 1  1     52  10536  15664 1500508    0    0  8430   718 2686 3265 15 14 37 34  0

 1  1     52  10300  15676 1500744    0    0 10186   720 2488 3488 16  5 45 34  0

########################################################

~ # iostat -dm 5 /dev/sdf 
Linux 2.6.21.7-2.fc8xen (database-new)  01/20/12

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             464.81         8.84         0.33    1658860      61390

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             402.20         7.39         0.43         36          2

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             431.40         7.74         0.32         38          1

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             461.40         8.26         0.39         41          1

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             475.65         9.20         0.29         46          1

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             534.80         9.82         0.52         49          2

Device:            tps    MB_read/s    MB_wrtn/s    MB_read    MB_wrtn

sdf             526.60         9.97         0.52         49          2

########################################################

~ # iostat -mdx 5 /dev/sdf 

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              22.21    46.28 427.47 37.54     8.84     0.33    40.38     1.78    3.82   1.72  79.87

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              22.36    80.04 450.30 60.48     9.29     0.55    39.44     1.45    2.85   1.58  80.48

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              23.40    43.60 370.60 47.00     7.75     0.35    39.76     1.45    3.47   1.97  82.08

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              20.20    33.20 382.60 29.60     8.02     0.25    41.05     1.31    3.17   2.11  87.12

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              28.80    35.20 422.40 33.40     9.04     0.27    41.80     1.45    3.19   1.95  88.96

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              14.20    45.00 291.80 51.40     5.97     0.38    37.86     1.45    4.22   2.50  85.68

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              19.16    56.89 535.33 41.32    11.44     0.38    42.00     1.49    2.59   1.53  88.46

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s   r/s   w/s    rMB/s    wMB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util

sdf              20.40    81.40 233.00 64.40     4.86     0.57    37.39     1.74    5.84   3.18  94.72

################################################## my.cnf

[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
long_query_time=1
key_buffer = 64M
thread_cache_size = 30
table_cache = 1024
table_definition_cache = 512
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_size = 64M
tmp_table_size = 64M
max_heap_table_size = 64M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
old_passwords=1
max_connections=400
wait_timeout=30

[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

[ndbd]
connect-string="nodeid=2;host=localhost:1186"

[ndb_mgm]
connect-string="host=localhost:1186"

################################################## sundry's tuning script output

~ # ./tuning-primer.sh 

    -- MYSQL PERFORMANCE TUNING PRIMER --
         - By: Matthew Montgomery -

MySQL Version 5.1.52 i686

Uptime = 0 days 1 hrs 1 min 1 sec
Avg. qps = 517
Total Questions = 1894942
Threads Connected = 94

Warning: Server has not been running for at least 48hrs.
It may not be safe to use these recommendations

To find out more information on how each of these
runtime variables effects performance visit:
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/server-system-variables.html
Visit http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html
for info about MySQL's Enterprise Monitoring and Advisory Service

SLOW QUERIES
The slow query log is NOT enabled.
Current long_query_time = 1.000000 sec.
You have 207 out of 1894981 that take longer than 1.000000 sec. to complete
Your long_query_time seems to be fine

BINARY UPDATE LOG
The binary update log is NOT enabled.
You will not be able to do point in time recovery
See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/point-in-time-recovery.html

WORKER THREADS
Current thread_cache_size = 30
Current threads_cached = 8
Current threads_per_sec = 0
Historic threads_per_sec = 0
Your thread_cache_size is fine

MAX CONNECTIONS
Current max_connections = 400
Current threads_connected = 93
Historic max_used_connections = 195
The number of used connections is 48% of the configured maximum.
Your max_connections variable seems to be fine.

INNODB STATUS
Current InnoDB index space = 1.33 G
Current InnoDB data space = 5.04 G
Current InnoDB buffer pool free = 0 %
Current innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512 M
Depending on how much space your innodb indexes take up it may be safe
to increase this value to up to 2 / 3 of total system memory

MEMORY USAGE
Max Memory Ever Allocated : 1.13 G
Configured Max Per-thread Buffers : 1.04 G
Configured Max Global Buffers : 642 M
Configured Max Memory Limit : 1.67 G
Physical Memory : 1.70 G

Max memory limit exceeds 90% of physical memory

KEY BUFFER
Current MyISAM index space = 379 M
Current key_buffer_size = 64 M
Key cache miss rate is 1 : 162
Key buffer free ratio = 80 %
Your key_buffer_size seems to be fine

QUERY CACHE
Query cache is enabled
Current query_cache_size = 64 M
Current query_cache_used = 43 M
Current query_cache_limit = 1 M
Current Query cache Memory fill ratio = 67.44 %
Current query_cache_min_res_unit = 4 K
MySQL won't cache query results that are larger than query_cache_limit in size

SORT OPERATIONS
Current sort_buffer_size = 2 M
Current read_rnd_buffer_size = 256 K
Sort buffer seems to be fine

JOINS
Current join_buffer_size = 132.00 K
You have had 4013 queries where a join could not use an index properly
You should enable "log-queries-not-using-indexes"
Then look for non indexed joins in the slow query log.
If you are unable to optimize your queries you may want to increase your
join_buffer_size to accommodate larger joins in one pass.

Note! This script will still suggest raising the join_buffer_size when
ANY joins not using indexes are found.

OPEN FILES LIMIT
Current open_files_limit = 2458 files
The open_files_limit should typically be set to at least 2x-3x
that of table_cache if you have heavy MyISAM usage.
Your open_files_limit value seems to be fine

TABLE CACHE
Current table_open_cache = 1024 tables
Current table_definition_cache = 512 tables
You have a total of 45237 tables
You have 1024 open tables.
Current table_cache hit rate is 0%
, while 100% of your table cache is in use
You should probably increase your table_cache
You should probably increase your table_definition_cache value.

TEMP TABLES
Current max_heap_table_size = 64 M
Current tmp_table_size = 64 M
Of 38723 temp tables, 44% were created on disk
Perhaps you should increase your tmp_table_size and/or max_heap_table_size
to reduce the number of disk-based temporary tables
Note! BLOB and TEXT columns are not allow in memory tables.
If you are using these columns raising these values might not impact your 
ratio of on disk temp tables.

TABLE SCANS
Current read_buffer_size = 128 K
Current table scan ratio = 537 : 1
read_buffer_size seems to be fine

TABLE LOCKING
Current Lock Wait ratio = 1 : 954
You may benefit from selective use of InnoDB.
If you have long running SELECT's against MyISAM tables and perform
frequent updates consider setting 'low_priority_updates=1'
If you have a high concurrency of inserts on Dynamic row-length tables
consider setting 'concurrent_insert=2'.

mysqlamazon-ec2amazon-ebsraid0iowait